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    Special Article
  • Special Article
    On the road of exploration for medical research
    LIU Chang-Xiao
    2024, 55(4): 285-287. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.06.1083·
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  • Tumor-Killing Effects of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells
    HUANG Kai-Feng1, WANG Yue-Dan2, LI Hai-Chao1, △
    2024, 55(4): 288-295. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.04.1008
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    In recent years, significant progress has been made in the field of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell immunotherapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancies, while its application in solid tumors has proven to be less than optimal. This article provides an introduction to the structure and function of CAR-T cells, encompassing key mechanisms underlying tumor cytotoxicity such as the formation of non-classical immune synapses, cytokine secretion, perforin and granzyme release, the Fas (factor-associated suicide)-FasL (Fas ligand) pathway, and alterations in the components constituting the CAR structure. The features of three CAR cell types are compared, and in light of the challenges associated with CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors, the article analyzes future research directions for CAR-T cells in the field of cancer immunotherapy.
  • Macrophage Polarization and Its Potential Value in Clinical Disease Treatment
    WEI Xiu-Rong, YANG Zi-Jiang, ZHANG Xiu-Juan△
    2024, 55(4): 296-303. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.02.1161
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    Macrophages are important components of the immune system and play a core role in immune regulation and tissue repair. Macrophages are plastic cells that can polarize into many subtypes with different functions under different stimuli. Macrophages in different polarization states play crucial roles in disease development and prognosis. In-depth studies of macrophage polarization contribute to exploring new strategies for disease prevention and treatment. In this article, we summarize the different polarization phenotypes and main functions of macrophages under different microenvironmental signal stimuli, focusing on the role of macrophage polarization in the tumor, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes, as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization.
  • Research Progress on Pathways and Functions of Protein Lactylation Modification
    SUN Yi-Yan, ZHU Li, WU Xiao-Mei△
    2024, 55(4): 304-311. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.3.1030
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    Lactic acid is a decomposed product of anaerobic oxidation of glucose. Recent studies have shown that lactic acid is an important energy substance, signaling molecule, and immunomodulatory molecule, playing a significant role in cellular physiological and pathological processes. In vivo, both histone and non-histone proteins can undergo lactylation modification, thereby participating in the regulation of gene transcription, induction of macrophage polarization, and other processes. The discovery of protein lactylation modification has provided new directions for research on tumors and inflammation. Given the increasing attention paid to lactylation in the study of disease pathogenesis, this article summarizes the research progress of histone and nonhistone lactylation modification, and expound the key roles of lactylation modification in inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Research Progress on the Effects of Gut Microbiota on mTOR Signaling Pathway and the Delay of Aging
    SONG Ya-Xin, XIE Hao, SHAO Mei, LI Qi-Chang, GUO Jun-Hui△
    2024, 55(4): 312-319. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.04.1006
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    Gut microbiota is closely associated with human health. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota can disrupt the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which regulates cell growth and nutrient metabolism. This can result in the development of age-related diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver disease, kidney disease, and neurological disorders, affecting the aging process of the body. This article analyzes and summarizes the interplay between the gut microbiota and mTOR signaling pathway, as well as its impact on body homeostasis and the resulting aging-related diseases. It focuses on how the gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate cellular metabolism, inflammation, autophagy and other processes through the mTOR signaling pathway, providing insights for the prevention and intervention of aging-related diseases, as well as the delay of aging.
  • Research Progress on the Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Allergic Rhinitis
    QIN Zhu1, LI Yan2, △
    2024, 55(4): 320-327. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.02.1163
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    Secondary damages in allergic rhinitis, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, are considered key factors in the progression of the disease. Despite the availability of diverse treatment options for allergic rhinitis, including pharmacologic and surgical interventions, the outcomes remain suboptimal, accompanied by multiple side effects. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop novel and effective strategies to improve patient prognosis. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a hub for the processing and metabolism of various functional regulatory proteins in cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Recent advances in UPS research have unveiled its significant role in various physiological and pathological processes in the human body. It is anticipated that the UPS contributes to the occurrence and development of allergic rhinitis through multiple targets and pathways. This article explores the role of the UPS in allergic rhinitis focusing on associated signaling pathways, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further research on the UPS and the treatment of allergic rhinitis.
    • Physiological Science and Clinical Medicine
  • Physiological Science and Clinical Medicine
    Research Progress on the Regulatory Role of Exosomes in Physiological and Pathological Pregnancies
    FAN Xiao-Wen1, ZOU Ming-Xin2, △
    2024, 55(4): 328-333. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.05.1011
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    Pregnancy is a complex physiological process. In recent years, it has been discovered that exosomes play a crucial regulatory role in both physiological and pathological pregnancies by facilitating communication between the mother and fetus. Exosomes regulate various biological functions, such as embryo implantation, angiogenesis, endothelial cell migration, and resistance to viral infections. Additionally, they mediate maternal-fetal immune tolerance by modulating immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and monocytes. Furthermore, exosomes are involved in the regulation of multiple pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, preterm delivery, and fetal growth restriction.This article elaborates on the regulatory role of exosomes in physiological and pathological pregnancies,offering valuable insights for the future diagnosis and treatment of these pregnancy complications.
    • Monograph
  • Monograph
    Advances in the Expression and Functional Regulation of Sodium Iodine Symporter
    YU Hao-Wei1, CONG Xin2, SU Jia-Zeng1, △
    2024, 55(4): 334-339. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.04.1014
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    The sodium iodine symporter (NIS) is widely distributed in various organs of the human body and serves as the structural and functional basis for the transport of iodide (I- ) in these organs. NIS is primarily expressed on the basolateral membrane of cells, providing the required I- for various life activities. It is known that the regulatory mechanism of NIS involves the actions of hormones, cytokines, transcription factors, and signaling molecules. In addition, NIS is gaining attention as an important therapeutic target for thyroid cancer, although complications arising from the absorption of radioactive iodine by other organs, such as salivary glands, during the treatment process also deserve attention. In this article, we focus on the research progress on the expression, role, and regulatory mechanism of NIS, aiming to provide new insights for clinical intervention targeting disease processes associated with NIS abnormalities.
  • Monograph
    Research Progress on the Regulation of Renal NaCl Reabsorption by ET-1
    JIANG Shao-Peng, HU Li-Xia, WANG Ming-Xiao△
    2024, 55(4): 340-345. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.04.1149
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    Endothelin-1 (ET-1), secreted by vascular endothelial cells, was initially considered a pathogenic factor for hypertension due to its potent vasoconstrictive effect. However, it was later discovered that ET-1 synthesized and secreted in the kidney exhibits diuretic and natriuretic effects, suggesting a potential antihypertensive role. ET-1 regulates electrolyte balance by stimulating two G protein-coupled receptors, endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B. In this article, we review the regulation of renal NaCl reabsorption by ET-1 and the underlying mechanisms, highlighting the significant role of ET-1 in the regulation of blood pressure.
  • Monograph
    Research Progress on the Role and Mechanism of Long Non-Coding RNA H19 in Heart Failure
    YANG Ren-Xin1, 2, LIU Xiao-Hua1, 2, △
    2024, 55(4): 346-352. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.04.1171
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    Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of increasing mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases worldwide. The pathogenesis of HF remains incompletely understood, and current clinical management focuses on delaying disease progression, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic targets. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) H19 is a highly expressed lncRNA in the failing heart, which has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for HF and can participate in the pathophysiological processes of various cardiovascular diseases. Heart failure can develop from a variety of diseases, including myocardial hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardiomyocyte inflammation. lncRNA H19 has been indicated to regulate the development of these diseases by acting on microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins. Therefore, in-depth study of the role of lncRNA H19 in different types of cardiovascular diseases may provide new insights for the treatment of heart failure.
  • Monograph
    Research Progress on the Potential Role of Exercise Intervention in Parkinson's Disease Based on Intestinal Flora
    WEI Quan-Qing1, XIANG Jie1, 2, △
    2024, 55(4): 353-360. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.03.1166
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    The relative balance of intestinal flora is a prerequisite for body health, and the imbalance of intestinal flora is associated with the occurrence and development of Parkinson's disease. Aerobic exercise plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease, which has been observed to regulate the composition and diversity of intestinal flora in both animal models and patients with Parkinson’s disease, suggesting a close relationship between aerobic exercise, intestinal flora and Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanism by which aerobic exercise improves Parkinson's disease by regulating the intestinal flora has not been fully clarified. Therefore, this article mainly reviews Parkinson 's disease and the microbiota-gut-brain axis, the effects of aerobic exercise on the motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson 's disease, and the potential mechanisms by which aerobic exercise improves Parkinson 's disease through the regulation of intestinal flora, aiming to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease by regulating intestinal flora through aerobic exercise.
  • Monograph
    The Role of Exercise in Delaying Brain Aging: From Brain Plasticity to Neuroprotection
    FAN Rao, KONG Jian-Da, DING Guo-Zhao, XU Ming-Zhuang, ZHANG Jia-Hao, KONG Wen-Bo, YANG Jun-Ting, ZHU Lei△
    2024, 55(4): 361-368. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.04.1196
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    As the global population ages, brain aging has become an increasingly prominent issue. Brain aging involves a decrease in the number of neurons, weakening of synaptic connections, and functional changes in brain regions, resulting in symptoms such as memory decline and cognitive impairment. This review comprehensively examines the research progress on how exercise can delay brain aging by improving brain plasticity. Exercise exerts positive effects on brain aging by influencing synaptic plasticity-related proteins and neurotransmitters, regulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reversing neuronal loss, and improving mitochondrial function. However, future research needs to focus on the effects of different types and intensities of exercise on brain aging, as well as the synergistic effects of exercise with other interventions. This review may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms by which exercise delays brain aging and is crucial for the development of effective prevention and intervention strategies.
  • Monograph
    Research Progress on Suplatast Tosilate in Th2 Cell-Mediated Allergic Diseases
    QI Zi-Hui1, 2, 3, 4, # , ZHU Xi-Run1, 2, 3, 4, # , YIN Yin1, 2, 3, 5, # , WANG Ge-Xin6, LIU Yuan1, 2, 3, CHU Ming1, 2, 3, WANG Yue-Dan1, 2, 3, △
    2024, 55(4): 369-375. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.03.1143
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    Suplatast Tosilate is a specific Th2 cell inhibitor that has been widely used in the treatment of various allergic and inflammatory diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, with good efficacy and high safety. Research has shown that Suplatast Tosilate can inhibit the production and function of Th2 cells and Th2-type cytokines such as IL-4 by regulating GATA3 and chloride channels, thereby exerting a therapeutic effect on allergic diseases. Additionally, Suplatast Tosilate also has regulatory effects on dendritic cells, monocytes, eosinophils, and neurons. Therefore, Suplatast Tosilate has become a focus of attention in the research field of treating Th2 cell-mediated allergic inflammatory diseases.
  • Monograph
    Expression of Claudin Proteins in the Esophageal Mucosal Barrier of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
    QI Jia-Chen1, YE Wei2, △
    2024, 55(4): 376-382. https://doi.org/10.20059/j.cnki.pps.2024.03.1189
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    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common digestive disorder characterized by the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, leading to mucosal damage and inflammation. Claudin proteins play a crucial role in forming intercellular tight junctions, maintaining the barrier function between epithelial cells, and actively participating in defense mechanisms against reflux. Claudin proteins hold potential as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of GERD, offering a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. This article reviews the changes in the expression of claudin proteins in GERD patients and their potential mechanistic roles in the esophageal mucosal barrier.