儿童生命早期(孕期至3岁)是肠道菌群与免疫系统协同发育的关键窗口期, 二者通过肠免疫轴(gut-immune axis)形成双向调控网络,对终身健康意义重大。肠道菌群历经产前准备、初始定植、稳定多样化及动态平衡四阶段逐步成熟, 免疫系统同步完成免疫耐受建立与功能完善。菌群通过代谢产物、分子互作等调控免疫细胞分化,免疫系统则反向塑造菌群结构。分娩方式、喂养模式和抗生素使用等外源性因素会影响这一协同过程,该调控网络失衡可增加过敏、消化及代谢类疾病风险。针对性采用益生菌补充、饮食干预等策略,可为儿童早期健康提供科学保障,相关机制与干预研究也可为临床转化奠定基础。

Early childhood, spanning from the prenatal period to three years of age, represents a critical window for the coordinated development of the gut microbiota and the immune system. These two systems form a bidirectional regulatory network via the gut-immune axis, which plays a significant role in lifelong health. The gut microbiota matures progressively through four stages: prenatal preparation, initial colonization, stable diversification, and dynamic equilibrium. Concurrently, the immune system establishes immune tolerance and refines its functional capabilities. The microbiota regulates immune cell differentiation through metabolites and molecular interactions, while the immune system reciprocally shapes the structure of the microbiota. Exogenous factors such as mode of delivery, feeding practices, and antibiotic use can influence this synergistic process. Disruption of this balance may increase the risk of allergic, digestive, and metabolic disorders. Targeted strategies, including probiotic supplementation and dietary interventions, can provide a scientific foundation for promoting early childhood health. Research on the underlying mechanisms and interventions also lays the groundwork for clinical translation.