新生儿败血症(neonatal sepsis)作为一种严重的全身性感染,其早期、准确诊断对降低死亡率和改善预后具有重要意义。传统炎症指标如C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)和白细胞计数在临床诊断中应用广泛,但由于其特异性和敏感性不足,常导致诊断延误或误判。随着分子生物学及免疫学技术的进步, 细胞因子、微小RNA 及代谢组学标志物等一系列新型分子标志物被发现, 为新生儿败血症早期诊断提供了新的可能性。本文综述了传统炎症指标与新型分子标志物在 新生儿败血症诊断中的研究现状, 分析了其各自的优势与局限, 探讨了其临床应用潜力及未来发展趋势, 进而为临床诊断策略的优化和个体化治疗提供理论依据和实践指导。

Neonatal sepsis is a severe systemic infection for which timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial to reduce mortality and improve patient outcomes. While traditional inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and white blood cell count are widely used in clinical diagnosis, their limitations in specificity and sensitivity can lead to diagnostic delays or errors. With advancements in molecular biology and immunology, a range of novel molecular markers—including cytokines, microRNAs, and metabolomic biomarkers—have been identified, offering new possibilities for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. This review summarizes the current research on both traditional inflammatory markers and novel molecular markers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis, analyzes their advantages and limitations, and explores their clinical application potential and future directions. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing clinical diagnostic strategies and enabling personalized treatment.