人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV-1)是获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS)的主要病原体, 其可引起各种机会性感染和肿瘤发生, 最终导致死亡。研究发现,随着HIV-1持续感染, 外泌体作为细胞间通讯载体在HIV-1感染过程中发挥重要的作用。本综述将着重阐述树突状细胞和T细胞源以及精液源外泌体如何参与HIV-1感染过程;血液源外泌体内容物miRNA 不仅可作为生物标记物, 还参与HIV-1感染宿主过程; 同时, 血液源外泌体介导HIV-1相关慢性炎症从而参与HIV-1的感染过程;脑源性外泌体可诱导HIV 相关神经认知障碍的发生并影响其相关治疗; T 细胞源外泌体可促进HIV 相关恶性肿瘤的发生发展。本文详细阐述了不同源性外泌体参与HIV-1感染发生、发展和结局的机制, 以期对HIV-1感染的早期筛查和干预治疗提供新思路。

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the main pathogen of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can cause a variety of opportunistic infections,tumorigenesis, and eventually death. Studies have indicated that exosomes play a crucial role during the progression of persistent HIV-1 infection, acting as key mediators of intercellular communication. This review focuses on the involvement of exosomes derived from dendritic cells,T cells, and semen in HIV-1 infection. It also elucidates the role of blood-derived exosome contents, specifically microRNAs (miRNAs),which not only serve as biomarkers but also participate in the HIV-1 infection process. Furthermore,blood-derived exosomes mediate HIV-1-associated chronic inflammation, thereby contributing to the infection process. This review also discusses the mechanisms by which brain-derived exosomes induce HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, as well as their therapeutic implications, and the role of T cell-derived exosomes in promoting the occurrence and development of HIV-1-associated malignancies. This article elaborates on the mechanisms by which exosomes from diverse origins contribute to the occurrence, development, and outcomes of HIV-1 infection, with the aim of providing new insights for early screening and therapeutic intervention of HIV-1 infection.