小胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统的常驻免疫细胞,在免疫监视、免疫应答及神经系统的发育与维持中扮演重要角色。小胶质细胞存在高度异质性和敏感性,目前针对其复杂调控机制与多样化功能的研究已成为脑科学领域的重要方向。本文基于传统研究模式与高通量测序技术对小胶质细胞形态和功能的研究方法进行全面阐述,包括体内/外模型、显微成像与影像学可视化技术,以及基于测序数据的分析方法,并总结了上述方法的特点和应用范围,为今后进行多维度深入挖掘其表型变化及功能提供了依据。

As resident immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia play critical roles in immune surveillance, immune responses, as well as in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. Microglia exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity and sensitivity, and research into their complex regulatory mechanisms and diverse functions has become a major focus in brain science. This article provides a comprehensive overview of methods for studying microglial morphology and function based on traditional research models and high-throughput sequencing technologies. It covers in vivo and in vitro models, microscopic imaging and visualization techniques, as well as analysis methods based on sequencing data. The characteristics and application scopes of these approaches are summarized, providing references for future multidimensional investigations into microglial phenotypic changes and functions.