神经退行性疾病的发生率逐年上升, 运动被证明可促进骨骼肌与大脑之间的信号传递, 但运动过程中骨骼肌分泌的具体信号分子及其在肌-脑对话(muscle-brain crosstalk)中如何影响神经可塑性、认知功能和神经保护尚不清楚。本综述探讨了运动过程中骨骼肌分泌的信号分子在肌-脑对话中的作用,重点分析肌肉因子(如BDNF、鸢尾素)、代谢产物(如乳酸)及其他相关信号分子在神经可塑性、认知功能维持和神经保护中的机制,包括促进神经元存活、突触可塑性、神经发生以及与脑内神经递质等相互作用,发挥抗炎、神经保护、代谢调节等多重功能。此外,肌肉因子还在糖尿病和肥胖症等代谢性疾病的防治中起到了积极作用。本文旨在为运动干预在脑功能维持及神经系统疾病防治中的应用提供科学依据。

The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has been steadily increasing. Exercise has been shown to facilitate communication between skeletal muscle and brain. However, the specific signaling molecules secreted by skeletal muscle during exercise and their roles in muscle-brain crosstalk, particularly in the regulation of neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and neuroprotection, remain unclear. This review explores the roles of exercise-induced, skeletal muscle-derived signaling molecules in muscle-brain crosstalk, with a focus on the mechanisms by which myokines (e.g., BDNF, irisin), metabolic products (e.g., lactate), and other relevant signaling molecules influence neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and neuroprotection. These mechanisms include promoting neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis, as well as interacting with neurotransmitters in the brain to exert anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and metabolic regulatory effects. Furthermore, myokines play an active role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This article aims to provide scientific evidence for the application of exercise interventions in maintaining brain health and in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.