IL-15作为免疫调控的关键分子,主要由髓系细胞分泌产生。IL-15在T 细胞、自然杀伤细胞和记忆CD8+ T细胞稳态和功能方面发挥重要作用,因其具有广泛表达、严格分泌的特性在多种免疫相关疾病中体现出良好的治疗潜能。IL-15与IL-15受体特异性结合后,激活下游JAK/STAT、Ras/Raf/MAPK及PI3K/AKT等多种信号通路,通过诱导细胞增殖、分化和凋亡,从而发挥抗肿瘤、抗感染等生物学效应。本文主要综述了IL-15在肿瘤、自身免疫疾病和神经精神疾病等中的作用与相关机制,并总结了以IL-15为潜在治疗靶点的小分子激动剂和抑制剂,以期为深入探究IL-15在免疫系统疾病中的发病机制和药物研究提供科学依据。

IL-15 is a key molecule in immune regulation and is secreted by myeloid cells. IL-15 plays an important role in the homeostasis and function of T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and memory CD8+ T cells. Due to its characteristics of wide expression and strict secretion, IL-15 holds significant therapeutic potential in various immune-related diseases. After IL-15 specifically binds to IL-15 receptor, it activates a variety of signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/AKT, inducing cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, thus exerting biological effects such as anti-tumor and anti-infection effects. This article reviews the role and associated mechanisms of IL-15 in diseases such as tumors, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric diseases, and summarizes the small molecule agonists and antagonists with IL-15 as potential therapeutic targets, aiming to provide a scientific basis for further investigation of the pathogenesis and drug research of IL-15 in immune system diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases.