Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by considerable heterogeneity. Its global incidence continues to rise due to the accelerating aging population and the increasing prevalence of risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension. Although there has been gradual progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFpEF, its full disease progression network remains incompletely understood, and effective targeted therapeutic strategies are still lacking. Currently, clinical diagnosis of HFpEF often relies on the diagnostic framework established for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Yet, this approach may not adequately capture the distinct pathophysiological features of HFpEF. Notably, recent studies have increasingly highlighted the promising role of biomarkers in enabling more precise diagnosis and improved risk stratification of HFpEF. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes the incremental value of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of HFpEF, providing evidence-based support for the development of multi-biomarker integrated models.