Glycolipid metabolic diseases are characterized by disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, which involve multiple pathological mechanisms, including neuroendocrine dysregulation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Glycolipid metabolic disorders can lead to the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. In recent years, as a newly identified acylation modification, lactylation modification has attracted considerable attention. It plays a crucial role in regulating protein function, and participates in the regulation of intracellular gene expression and a variety of signaling pathways. This article reviews the regulatory roles and research progress of lactylation modification in glycolipid metabolic diseases, explores its potential as a therapeutic target, with the aim of providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of glycolipid metabolic diseases.