Lactylation modification, a recently identified post-translational modification of proteins, plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological processes such as gene expression and cellular metabolism, and contributes to disease treatment. However, research on lactylation modification in the field of stomatology remains in its initial stages. This article reviews the regulatory mechanisms and influencing factors of lactylation modification, and details recent advances in its roles within stomatology, covering periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma, orthodontic treatment, and tooth development, with the aim of providing new directions and potential breakthroughs for disease prevention, targeted therapy, and drug development in this field.