Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase and a member of the ErbB family. It is widely expressed in various tissues and organs of the human body, including the skin, lungs, liver, and kidneys. EGFR regulates intracellular homeostasis by activating key signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT、MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/AKT. Furthermore, EGFR modulates disease processes by participating in immune and inflammatory responses following activation by growth factors and G protein-coupled receptors. Recent studies have shown that EGFR is associated with most pulmonary diseases, such as lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, and pneumonia. Therefore, this article reviews recent advances in EGFR research related to pulmonary diseases.