Hypoxic cell damage is implicated in the etiology of various diseases, posing a significant threat to human health. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of the underlying mechanisms of hypoxic cell damage is of crucial importance. Recent research has elucidated a compelling correlation between hypoxic cell damage and key cellular processes, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and parthanatos. The aim of this article is to integrate current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying hypoxic cell injury. It seeks to clarify the critical determinants and regulatory pathways involved in these processes, and to offer innovative perspectives on preventive and therapeutic approaches for hypoxia-induced diseases.