Premature infants are vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies due to low nutrient reserves and immaturity of body systems, leading to micronutrient deficiencies associated with sepsis, metabolic bone disease, and late-onset metabolic disease. Among these micronutrients, vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, iodine, and magnesium play vital roles in multiple systems, including the skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, and hematological systems. Therefore, the provision of appropriate nutrients is crucial for the prevention of nutritional disorders. This article systematically reviews the sources, requirements, roles, and recommended dosages of important trace elements, such as vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, iodine, and magnesium, in preterm infants, with the aim of offering critical insights into nutritional planning for micronutrient supplementation in preterm infants.