Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, the pathogenesis of which remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota can affect the host’ s cognition and behavior by affecting central nervous system function, making it a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and disruption of the intestinal physiological barrier can induce peripheral inflammatory responses, which, through mediating the release of physiologically active substances such as neurotransmitters and microbiota secretions, can affect neurogenesis and neuronal signaling, resulting in inflammatory reactions in the central nervous system, synergistically promoting the neurodegenerative progression of AD pathology. Therefore, investigations into the possible mechanisms by which dysbiosis of the gut microbiota affects the pathology of AD may provide new perspectives for the prevention and alleviation of AD, offering new strategies for promoting healthy aging.