Adipose tissue is an important metabolic and endocrine organ, distributed in the subcutaneous tissue and around internal organs. Based on its morphological and functional characteristics, adipose tissue can be divided into white, brown and beige adipose tissue, which plays a key role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin sensitivity, and affects energy homeostasis. Sympathetic and sensory nerve fibers are distributed in adipose tissue. By releasing norepinephrine (NE), sympathetic nerves can promote lipolysis in white adipocytes and thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. The sympathetic regulation of adipose tissue is modulated by different stromal cells and immune cells within adipose tissue. Simultaneously, sensory nerves transmit signals from adipose tissue to the central nervous system. Disorders of neural innervation in adipose tissue usually lead to a series of health problems, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases.