In 2021, David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch, which brought a new direction for the application of information science in physiology and medicine. Information science is an emergent field described as aiming to study the laws and applications of information movement, among which computerized big data and mathematical modeling have been providing new analytical horizons for physiological and medical research, characterized by diverse sources, fast growth of data and high frequency. To reveal the basic methods and principles of the application of information science in physiology and medicine and its significance to scientific development, the review stated the brief steps of data extraction in physiology and medicine, compared the principles and technical features of traditional statistics, traditional machine learning and deep learning, and discussed the future trends of research in physiology and medicine combined with information science.