成纤维细胞(fibroblasts, FB)广泛存在于机体各组织间质中,在皮肤创面修复过程中发挥核心作用。凭借其高度可塑性,FB能够响应组织损伤微环境中的信号发生表型转变, 动态地维持组织稳态与结构完整性。作为一类异质性显著且功能多样的细胞,FB不仅参与调控炎症反应和血管新生过程,还具备部分干细胞样特性,在皮肤创面修复与病理性瘢痕形成中发挥关键作用。在生理状态下,FB适度活化,通过合成并重塑胶原等细胞外基质促进组织再生,并在修复完成后通过凋亡或恢复静息状态以维持胶原代谢平衡;而在病理性瘢痕形成中,FB则持续活化并逃避凋亡, 导致胶原异常沉积,细胞外基质结构紊乱,最终导致功能障碍。本综述主要讨论FB在皮肤创面修复及瘢痕形成中的作用机制,旨在阐明FB在创面愈合不同阶段的生物学行为特征,为临床促进皮肤创面修复和防治病理性瘢痕提供新的理论依据与潜在治疗靶点。

Fibroblasts (FB) are widely distributed in the interstitial tissues of various organs and play a central role in skin wound healing.Due to their high plasticity,FB can respond to signals from the tissue damage microenvironment,undergoing phenotypic changes and dynamically maintaining tissue homeostasis and structural integrity.As a heterogeneous and functionally diverse cell type,FB not only regulate inflammation and angiogenesis,but also exhibit stem cell-like properties, playing a critical role in skin wound healing and pathological scar formation. Under physiological conditions, FB are moderately activated, synthesizing and remodeling extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, to promote tissue regeneration. Once healing is complete, they either undergo apoptosis or return to a quiescent state to maintain collagen turnover balance. However, during pathological scar formation, FB remain persistently activated and evade apoptosis, leading to abnormal collagen deposition and extracellular matrix components disorganization, ultimately resulting in functional impairment. This review primarily discusses the mechanisms by which FB contribute to skin wound healing and scar formation, aiming to clarify the biological behaviors of FB at different stages of wound healing. The goal is to provide new theoretical insights and potential therapeutic targets for clinical interventions in skin wound repair and the prevention of pathological scarring.