肠道微生物(gut microbiota)与宿主共生,参与营养代谢、免疫调节和肠道屏障等生理过程, 而太空中的微重力(microgravity)环境可显著改变肠道微生物的组成和功能,给航天员健康带来诸多挑战。深入了解太空飞行中微重力对肠道微生物的影响,探究其中蕴含的规律和机制,对制定有效的健康防护策略至关重要。本文综合以往研究,系统阐述微重力对肠道微生物的影响, 包括群落结构改变、代谢功能紊乱及相关作用路径,重点分析运动干预在微重力环境下对肠道微生物的调控。运动干预作为一种非药物手段,通过调节“肠-脑轴”、影响炎症信号通路、改善肠道蠕动和血液供应等多方面,缓解微重力引起的菌群紊乱和代谢障碍。本文旨在概述微重力对肠道微生物的影响及机制,尤其是运动对于改善肠道微生态稳态的作用,为航天员健康保障提供理论支持。

The gut microbiota coexists symbiotically with the host, playing critical roles in physiological processes such as nutrient metabolism, immune regulation, and intestinal barrier function. However, the microgravity environment in space can significantly alter the composition and function of the gut microbiota, posing numerous challenges to astronaut health. A thorough understanding of the impact of microgravity on the gut microbiota during spaceflight, along with investigating the underlying patterns and mechanisms, is crucial for developing effective health protection strategies. This article synthesizes previous research to systematically elucidate the effects of microgravity on the gut microbiota, including changes in community structure, metabolic dysfunction, and associated pathways. It focuses on the regulatory effects of exercise intervention on the gut microbiota in microgravity environments. As a non-pharmaceutical approach, exercise intervention alleviates microgravity-induced microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disorders through mechanisms such as regulating the gut-brain axis, influencing inflammatory signaling pathways, and improving intestinal motility and blood supply. This article aims to summarize the impact and mechanisms of microgravity on the gut microbiota, especially the role of exercise in improving intestinal microecological homeostasis, thereby providing theoretical support for astronaut health protection.