毒蛇咬伤是世界上最致命却易被忽视的热带疾病之一。毒蛇咬伤后,血液循环系统既是蛇毒的传播媒介,也是蛇毒最直接的靶系统,被咬者的止血和凝血功能受损,并引起血细胞、血小板、微血管和血压异常等一系列血液相关毒性反应,以及血毒性诱发的心血管继发性并发症,这些也是毒蛇咬伤高致死、高致残率的主要原因。本文就毒蛇咬伤引起的血液毒性指标变化、致毒成分及其毒性作用、临床表现与治疗措施等方面的研究进展进行综述,以期为毒蛇咬伤的临床治疗提供借鉴与参考。

Snakebites are among the deadliest yet most neglected tropical diseases worldwide. Following a venomous bite, the circulatory system serves as both the medium for venom dissemination and the most direct target of the venom. Victims experience impaired hemostasis and coagulation, leading to a series of blood-associated toxic reactions, such as abnormal blood cells, platelet irregularities, microvascular issues, and blood pressure changes. These hematotoxicities also trigger secondary cardiovascular complications, which are major contributors to the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with venomous bites. This article reviews the research progress on venom-induced changes in hematotoxicity parameters, venom components and their mechanisms of action, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies, aiming to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of snakebite victims.