肠道(gut)是机体与外界交流的重要器官,吸收营养并排出废物,在维持机体稳态和生理功能方面起着至关重要的作用。肠道中存在丰富的细胞类型和神经信号分子,研究表明,肠道细胞上的特定受体能够被食物激活,从而感知味道和营养成分,并将信息直接或间接向大脑传递。肠道感知(intestinal perception)是自然界多种生物中普遍存在的感觉系统,具有物种保守性。因此,肠道感知相关的研究,对理解物种的进化和生物在自然界中的适应性机制具有重要意义。本文对肠道不同物质感知的分子及环路机制的研究现状进行了简要综述,为进一步研究肠-脑轴神经环路在生物个体进化中的作用及生物的物种-环境共生进化的理论提供依据。

Gut is an important organ for communication between the organism and the external environment. It collects nutrients and removes waste, contributing significantly to maintaining the body's homeostasis and physiological functions. The gut contains various cell types and neural signaling molecules. Previous studies have indicated that specific receptors on the intestinal cells are activated by food, allowing for the perception of taste and nutritional components and conveying this information directly or indirectly to the brain. Intestinal perception is ubiquitous in many organisms in nature and conserved among species. Therefore, investigations into intestinal perception have critical implications for understanding the evolution of species and the adaptive mechanisms of organisms in nature. This review aims to provide a brief overview of current research on the molecular and circuit mechanisms underlying the perception of various substances in the gastrointestinal tract, which provides a theoretical basis for future investigations into the roles of the gut-brain axis in the adaptive evolution of individual organisms and the evolution of facilitation in organism-environment symbiosis.